Dispute Resolution HotlineJuly 14, 2014 FCPA: US Court of Appeals give a much needed definition to 'instrumentality' of a foreign government
Recently, the United States Court of Appeals (Eleventh Circuit) (‘US Court of Appeals/Court’) in United States of America v. Joel Esquenazi/Carlos Rodriguez, in an appeal from United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (‘Florida Court’), has interpreted the word ‘instrumentality’ in ‘The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 1977’ (‘FCPA’) definition of ‘foreign official’1, which includes ‘any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof’. FCPA came into being in 1977 for restraining certain classes of persons and entities to make payments to foreign government official to assist in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA prohibits ‘any domestic concern’ from 'mak[ing] use of the mails or any means . . . of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of’ a bribe to ‘any foreign official’, or to ‘any person, while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official’, for the purpose of ‘influencing any act or decision of such foreign official . . . in order to assist such domestic concern in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person’.2 FACTSIn 2011, a jury in Florida Court sentenced Joel Esquenazi, former president of Terra Telecommunications Corporation (‘Terra’) to 15 years imprisonment for his involvement in a scheme to pay bribes to Haitian government officials at Telecommunications D’Haiti S.A.M. (‘Teleco’), a state-owned telecommunications company. Also, the former vice president of Terra, Carlos Rodriguez, was sentenced to seven years` imprisonment. The Defendants were convicted of one count of conspiracy to violate the FCPA and wire fraud; seven counts of FCPA violations (including bribing a foreign official); one count of money laundering conspiracy; and 12 counts of money laundering. Esquenazi and Rodriguez argued on appeal that Florida Court`s view of ‘foreign official’ was overly expansive and beyond Congress's intent for the statute's coverage. They argued that Teleco wasn't an ‘instrumentality’ under the FCPA and that its directors, officers, and employees therefore weren't ‘foreign officials’ under FCPA. Therefore, they argued, bribes paid to anyone at Teleco would not trigger the provisions of FCPA. ISSUEFCPA does not define the term ‘instrumentality’, and US Court of Appeal had not opined on it earlier. Therefore, the central question was the ambit of the term ‘instrumentality’ in the definition of ‘foreign official’ under the FCPA and consequently whether Teleco is a Haitian instrumentality. JUDGMENTThe US Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the Florida Court and concluded that an ‘instrumentality’ under section 78dd-2(h)(2)(A) of the FCPA is an entity controlled by the government of a foreign country that performs a function, the controlling government treats as its own. Further, the Court opined that ‘control’ and ‘function’ are fact bound questions which would vary depending on the circumstances. Before arriving at the definition of ‘instrumentality’, the Court relied on several precedents and the text of Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (“OECD Anti-Bribery Convention”) which United States ratified in 1998.3 In particular, the Court relied on the following: a) First, the Court looked at various dictionary definitions: Under Black’s Law Dictionary, an instrumentality is ‘[a] means or agency through which a function of another entity is accomplished, such as a branch of a governing body’.4 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary says the word means ‘something that serves as an intermediary or agent through which one or more functions of a controlling force are carried out: a part, organ, or subsidiary branch esp. of a governing body’.5 b) Second, the Court took note of the fact that United States has ratified OECD Anti-Bribery Convention without any reservations and therefore interpreted ‘instrumentality’ under the FCPA in tune with United States obligations under OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (i.e. to prevent officials domestically from bribing foreign officials). The Court relied on precedents and was mindful of the fact that in 1998, the Congress amended the FCPA to comply with the duties, the United States assumed under the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and left intact the FCPA’s language outlawing bribery for the purpose of ‘obtaining or retaining business’, and therefore a narrow construction of the FCPA “would likely create a conflict with our international treaty obligations. c) Thereafter, US Court of Appeals went on to decide what would constitute ‘function’ and ‘control’ under the term ‘instrumentality’. The Court held that in order to decide if the foreign government ‘controls’ an entity the following should be borne in mind:
d) Further, in order to qualify as government function, the US Court of Appeals looked at OECD Anti-Bribery Convention and listed a number of indicative factors:
e) The Court of Appeal affirmed the finding of the Florida Court that in determining whether Teleco is an instrumentality of the government of Haiti, the following has to be considered:
f) Relying on the above factors and after considering the following circumstances, US Court of Appeals concluded that Teleco is a Haitian instrumentality and therefore the officials at Teleco come under the definition of ‘foreign official’:
ANALYSISThis judgment came to the limelight because it is perceived that Esquenazi`s sentence of 15 years, as decided by the Florida Court and later affirmed by US Court of Appeals, was two times greater than the longest sentence previously imposed for substantive violations of the FCPA. Similarly, Rodriguez`s sentence of seven years in one of the three longest sentences imposed for FCPA violations. This is a very well-reasoned judgment by the US Court of Appeals. Indeed, to come under the radar of ‘instrumentality’ the key element would be to see whether the foreign government exercises sufficient control over the official in question and also he ought to be discharging public function or any function which is in public interest. The clarity provided by the US Court of Appeals will help the officials in United States to ascertain their liability, as they would now know the scope of the foreign officials and would therefore exercise abundant caution. In Indian context, a parallel could be drawn to interpretation of the term ‘instrumentality’ commonly used to define of ‘State’ under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution. The Indian jurisprudence on the term ‘instrumentality’ is on the similar lines to what has been decided by the US Court of Appeals. Indian Supreme Court in Ramananda Dayaram Shetty v. International Airport Authority of India8 has held that
The expansive stand taken by the US Court of Appeals is indeed commendable. It provides much needed guidance to contracts draftsmen and legal advisors as well as clarity to the US entities and their business counterparts in foreign countries to determine whether or not such counterparts would be considered “instrumentality” of a foreign government. – Alipak Banerjee, Moazzam Khan & Vyapak Desai You can direct your queries or comments to the authors 1 A “foreign official” is “any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof…”. 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-2(h)(2)(A). 2 See Page 9 of the judgment. 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-2(a)(1), (3) provides for prohibited foreign trade practices by domestic concerns; 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-2 (g) provides for penalties for breach of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-2(a)(1), (3). 3 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into force in 1999 and establishes legally binding standards to criminalize bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions and provides for a host of related measures that make this effective. 4 Black’s Law Dictionary at 870 (9th ed. 2009). 5 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary at 1172 (3d ed. 1993). 6 See Page 21 of the Judgment. 7 See Page 23 of the Judgment 8 (1979) 3 SCC 489: AIR 1979 SC 1628 DisclaimerThe contents of this hotline should not be construed as legal opinion. View detailed disclaimer. |
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