Infrastructure

• Advanced sensor technology

• Highly scalable computing power

• Reliable ubiquitous high-speed network

Skill gap

• Relevant Intellectual property

• Research support

• Skilled workforce

Cost

• Private funding

• Government incentives

• Regulatory support

Data integration

• Big data analytics

• Rapid data processing

• Modeling techniques

Security

• Cybersecurity protections

• Enforcement mechanisms

• Risk allocation and mitigation methods

IoT

IoT-based sensors continuously collect data related to the physical part or process to enable instantaneous replication in its digital twin.

Cloud

Cloud and edge computing technologies supported by network infrastructure allow real-time interactions among the physical and digital twins.

Big Data

Data warehousing and management technologies store cross-sectional and temporal data related to digital twins.

AI/ML

Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies provide the tools and models to automatically analyze the data, make inferences, provide insights, and offer predictions.

AR/VR/MR

Augmented/Virtual/Mixed Reality technologies provide the visualization of digital twins in various forms, including holography.

Robotics

These technologies, in several situations, help modify the physical part or process to reflect the changes made in the virtual part.

Infrastructure

Digital twins require well-planned, high-performance infrastructure to gather useful data and work effectively with it. Legacy infrastructure may pose challenges in integrating new technologies leading to risks and uncertainties.

Economies of scale

Digital twins require significant upfront capital investments. So, it may favor larger companies, which have resources to invest and undertake initial losses. Smaller firms may need help, perhaps through government incentives, to curtail their falling behind and exacerbating a digital divide.

Data quality and quantity

For digital twins to function effectively, they require a flow of quality data continuously and in large quantities. So, in many cases, process reengineering would be needed to embed IoT devices to enable the data availability. This becomes particularly significant in mission-critical, integrated systems, where data is drawn from multiple and disparate sources.

Connectivity

Power outages, network downtime, software bugs, or ongoing deployment errors can impact the connectivity among IoT devices. So, redundancy in energy supply, network and servers would be needed to reduce the impact.

Ongoing maintenance and upgrade

Software updates, real-life changes to the physical asset, enhancements to the digital twin, etc. would mean ongoing management and maintenance. Related costs, time and resources must be factored into the planning, pricing, and contracting for digital twins and the total life cycle cost of every digital twin.

IoT Rules and Regulations

Internet of Things (IoT) are integral parts of digital twin systems. So, the regulatory and legal regimes applicable to IoT would also apply to digital twins, including those around data, privacy, security, trust, and infrastructure.

Data Privacy and Data Protection

Data privacy and data protection issues emerge from the collection of data, especially of personal data involving people, by digital twins of processes and systems. Such personal data collection would require the consent of the people. There should also be clear protocols regarding the accuracy of personal data.

In addition, the usage of data in the digital twin must be authorized by the data owner. And the usage should be as intended by the owner.

Digital twins may also represent proprietary products and processes. So, there are cybersecurity risks involving sensitive business data. Moreover, digital twins are also vulnerable to cyberattacks on the infrastructure or systems they replicate.

Cybersecurity laws need to be modified to address the impact not only on the computer network and data of digitals twins, but also on the associated physical infrastructure and systems they represent.

Moreover, there is a possibility of a digital twin being used for malicious purposes, especially when it is made public. Ransomware or other anti-social attacks can cause maximal damage both the digital twins and underlying product, process, or system.

Standardized modelling

Presently, there is no standardized approach to modelling for digital twins. This may raise challenges for interoperability between digital twins.

Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights are also important considerations with digital twins given they involve multitudes of technologies for various sources. While building and operating digital twins, proper care must be taken to avoid the infringement of the IP rights of third parties.

When IP rights are licensed from third parties, additional complex issues may arise. For example, whether the intellectual property rights are being used as intended, or who owns the new works created in development of digital twins and other related matters. All involved parties should consider and clearly establish at the outset who will own what parts of a digital twin through intellectual property rights or otherwise.

Currently, there are no standardized approaches to the modelling of digital twins. As standards get developed, some of them may be proprietary and would require licensing.

Incentives

Innovative technologies like digital twins are complex and expensive. In an effort to encourage businesses, especially small business who are without the financial wherewithal to undertake financially intensive projects such as creation and adoption of digital twin technology, to adopt innovative technologies, governments often offer tax incentives and grants.

They can help offset the costs of implementation and speed up research and development.

• R&D Incentives: Tax credits, deductions or exemptions for R&D expenses relating to the development and implementation of digital twins could be a possible avenue.

• Sustainability Incentives: Digital twins can contribute to sustainable practices and digital transformation, qualifying businesses for additional tax incentives or grants that are focused on promoting such objectives.

• Cross-border and Regional Grants: Certain grant programs, primarily funded by international organizations, may require collaboration between businesses in different countries. Such grants can provide valuable resources for implementing digital twin technology.

Transfer pricing

Digital twin technology can impact value chain and intangible assets within an organization, but across the borders, potentially creating transfer pricing issues. It can also lead to creation and enhancement of intangible assets, including software or proprietary processes.

This may impact allocation of profits between related entities in different jurisdictions. As such, organizations may require licensing or cost-sharing arrangements to be put in place.

The profit allocation to the digital twin intangible assets will typically be a key driver for the overall tax incentives the organization may be able to claim in different jurisdictions.

Assurance, governance, and trust

A digital twin is often perceived as a black box. So, internal control and audit procedures need to be set up to assure that it is performing as expected. In addition, training and governance mechanisms are needed to build trust.

Capturing complex, dynamic environment

Representing complex dynamical environment, such as weather, human behavior, or ecosystems, in a digital twin requires huge amount of continuous data. The size of such data and processing power required to process them can overwhelm the system. So, appropriate sampling and statistical methods would be needed, which in turn can reduce the accuracy and lead to errors, misrepresentation, discrimination, and wrong decisions in some cases.

Liability/ Allocation of Risk

In case of wrongful predictions by digital twins, preemptively decide who bears the responsibility for the losses suffered. Such risks and liabilities increase exponentially when multiple systems are integrated into one digital twin.

Regulation of humanity

Digital twins, especially in the context of smart factories, housing communities and cities, involve people. Regulation of people as objects may create grave problems, both real and perceived. Ethical challenges are further intensified due to feedback effects, side effects or cascading effects of using digital twins. One such example is the “lock-in effects” caused by outdated technological or operational rules. In such cases, digital twins may promote control-oriented closed societies rather than opportunity-creating free societies.

Usage patterns and discrimination

Usage patterns of people, specifically how they occupy space, act, interact and move around, are very complex. They may even differ among people with different socio-economic status and medical conditions. An infrastructural digital twin may not have adequately anticipated such patterns. The resulting infrastructure may allow certain people to do certain things, while restricting others, specifically with respect to ownership, access, and agency. This leads to hurtful competition, conflict, inequality, and injustice.

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