Research and Articles

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• The Bombay High Court rejected the income tax department’s invocation of the “limitation of relief” provision through which it had sought to deny treaty benefits to the taxpayer.

• The court relied on a certificate issued by Singaporean tax authorities regarding the liability to tax of capital gains, and allowed the taxpayer’s claim for exemption for capital gains under India-Singapore tax treaty.

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The taxpayer was a tax resident of Singapore and registered in India as a Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) investing in debt securities. It had claimed an exemption from tax in India on the capital gains declared on the sale of debt securities under Article 13(4) of the Singapore-India tax treaty. The tax officer, however, denied the claim for this treaty exemption stating that the exemption was restricted by Article 24 [Limitation of Relief] of the treaty. This provision limits the extent to which a resident of Singapore can access treaty benefits to India-sourced “income which is subject to tax [in Singapore] by reference to the amount thereof which is remitted to or received in [Singapore] and not by reference to the full amount thereof”. In other words, treaty benefits would be available in India only in respect of income which is: a) generally taxable in Singapore irrespective of remittance; b) in respect of income which is taxable in Singapore only upon remittance, in so far as income has been remitted to Singapore.

Having adopted a partly territorial tax system, Singapore taxes its residents largely on income which is sourced in Singapore, or on foreign sourced income which is remitted to Singapore. Singapore, under its domestic law, however, does not tax capital gains. In other words, Singapore taxes capital gains at a 0% tax rate, irrespective of remittance to Singapore. The substantive issue therefore was whether treaty benefits should be restricted under Limitation of Relief provision. 

The Singaporean tax authorities had issued a certificate stating that the gains from the sale of Indian debt securities were to be taxable (which is understood to be different from the actual imposition of tax) in Singapore irrespective of remittance. Relying on this certificate, the court held in favour of the taxpayer. The court found precedent in Madras High Court’s decision in CIT v. Lakshmi Textile Exporters Ltd,¹ and support from the CBDT circular No.789 dated 13^th April 2000.

In conclusion, the court held that the taxation in the hands of the taxpayer is based on the entire gains from sale of debt securities, and not just the gains remitted to Singapore. Therefore, relief could not be limited in terms of Article 24 of the Singapore-India tax treaty.

The Limitation of Relief provision has been in issue in several tax cases in the past.² The High Court’s decision is a welcome step towards certainty on, first, how Article 24 of the treaty should be interpreted; and secondly, the evidentiary value of a certificate issued by Singaporean tax authorities towards the understanding of the domestic law of Singapore.