Research and Articles

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• The Finance Act, 2023 prescribed that an OGI was required to deduct income tax on the net winnings from any online game from a user account.

• Now, the CBDT has prescribed the manner of computation of net winnings through guidelines.

• The Guidelines clarify that

  • Non-taxable deposits allowable as deduction in computation of Net Winnings

  • Losses incurred during FY can be adjusted while computing Net Winnings

  • Transfer between user accounts of same user with the same platform of the OGI not considered as withdrawal or deposit

  • Clarity on treatment of bonus, referral bonus, incentives, promotional money and discount provided

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BACKGROUND 

The Finance Act, 2023 overhauled the tax regime for income from online games and created a distinction between taxation of online and offline games. In this regard, section 115BBJ was introduced in the Income-tax Act, 1961 (“ITA”) to provide for 30% tax on net winnings from ‘online game’. ‘Online game’ is defined to mean a game that is offered on the internet and is accessible by a user through a computer resource, including any telecommunication device.¹ Hence, the obligation is applicable to all types of online games, i.e., games of skill or games of chance. The obligation to withhold tax will apply even in cases where the players do not make an deposit for participating in the game. 

Section 194BA was also introduced to impose an obligation to withhold tax on the person responsible for paying any income by way of winnings from any online game during a financial year (“FY”) at the rates in force. These provisions were effective from April 1, 2023.   

In a much-awaited move, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (“CBDT”) has now inserted a new Rule 133² to the Income-tax Rules, 1962 (“ITR”) which prescribes the manner of computation of net winnings (“Net Winnings”) for the purpose of applying Section 194BA. In addition, CBDT has also issued detailed guidelines for removal of any difficulty in giving effect to provisions of section 194BA of the ITA (“Guidelines”).³ 

1. Computation of Net Winnings for the purpose of withholding tax under section 194BA of ITA 

Section 194BA imposes the obligation to withhold tax on the ‘Net Winnings’ component (i) at the time of any withdrawal from the user account and (ii) at the end of the FY on the remaining amount of Net Winning in the user account. Rule 133 accordingly bifurcates computation of Net Winnings in three stages as elaborated below:

Net winnings on first withdrawal during FY	Net winnings on subsequent withdrawals during FY	Net winnings at end of FY
Net winnings = A - (B+C), where –	Net winnings =A - (B+C+E), where	Net winnings =(A+D)-(B+C+E), where –
A = Amount of withdrawn from user account   B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit made till the time of such withdrawal   C = Opening balance of user account at the beginning of the financial year	A = Aggregate amount withdrawn during the FY till the time of subsequent withdrawal   B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit till the time of such withdrawal   C = Opening balance at the beginning of the financial year   E = Net winnings comprised in the earlier withdrawal or withdrawals on which tax has been deducted u/s 194BA	A = Aggregate amount withdrawn during the FY   B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit during the FY   C = Opening balance at the beginning of the FY   D = Closing balance at the end of the FY   E = Net winnings comprised in the earlier withdrawal or withdrawals on which tax has been deducted u/s 194BA

In case the result of computation in any of the aforementioned formula is negative, Net Winnings shall be considered to be zero⁴. 

We have explained the manner of computation of Net Winnings on basis of the illustration below. 

Facts and assumption (Year 1)

Computation of Net Winnings

Particulars Amount Balances Remarks / Comments Opening Balance -     Joining Bonus (April 1) 10,000.00   To be used only for playing games and not for withdrawal or any other purpose - this amount is to be ignored for computation of Net Winnings. Deposit by player (May 1) 5,000.00 5,000.00   Winnings 20,000.00 25,000.00   Withdrawal (August 1) 10,000.00 15,000.00 Player withdrew the amount to its bank account Loss (15,000.00) -   Deposit 20,000.00 20,000.00   Loss (18,000.00) 2,000.00   Winnings 3,000.00 5,000.00 The player incurred loss of INR 10,000 during FY 1. Subsequent Withdrawal (December 1) 2,000.00 3,000.00 Player withdrew the amount to a wallet not registered on the OGI Closing Balance 3,000.00

First withdrawal (August 1) = A-(B+C) Formula Amount Remarks A = Amount withdrawn by player 10,000.00   Less:     B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit made till time of such withdrawal 5,000.00 Joining bonus ignored for purpose of computation of Net Winnings C = Opening balance of user account -     Net Winnings on August 1st = A-(B+C) 5,000.00 OGI to withhold tax under section 194BA Subsequent withdrawal (December 1) = A - (B+C+E) Formula Amount Remarks A = Aggregate amount withdrawn during the FY till the time of subsequent withdrawal 12,000.00   Less:     B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit till the time of such withdrawal 25,000.00 Joining bonus ignored for purpose of computation of Net Winnings C = Opening balance at the beginning of the financial year -     E = Net winnings comprised in the earlier withdrawal or withdrawals on which tax has been deducted u/s 194BA 5,000.00 Since tax was paid on this amount at time of first withdrawal, it will be reduced while computing net winnings on subsequent withdrawal Net Winnings on December 1st = A - (B+C+E) (18,000.00) Considering the result of computation is negative, Net Winnings will be considered to be zero. The player gets benefit of set of off loss during the FY. At end of FY (March 31) = (A+D) - (B+C+E) Formula Amount Remarks A = Aggregate amount withdrawn during the FY 12,000.00   D = Closing balance at the end of the FY 3,000.00   Less:     B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit during the FY 25,000.00 Joining bonus ignored for purpose of computation of Net Winnings C = Opening balance at the beginning of the FY -   E = Net winnings comprised in the earlier withdrawal or withdrawals on which tax has been deducted u/s 194BA 5,000.00 Since tax was paid on this amount at time of first withdrawal, it will be reduced while computing net winnings at end of FY Net Winnings on March 31st (15,000.00) Considering the result of computation is negative, Net Winnings will be considered to be zero

 

Facts and assumption (Year 2)

Computation of Net Winnings

Particulars Amount Balances Opening Balance 3,000.00   Joining Bonus (April 1) - 3,000.00 Deposit by player (May 1) - 3,000.00 Winnings 15,000 18,000 Closing Balance 18,000

At end of FY (March 31) = (A+D) - (B+C+E) Formula Amount A = Aggregate amount withdrawn during the FY 0 D = Closing balance at the end of the FY 18,000.00 Less:   B = Aggregate amount of non-taxable deposit during the FY 0 C = Opening balance at the beginning of the FY 3,000 E = Net winnings comprised in the earlier withdrawal or withdrawals on which tax has been deducted u/s 194BA 0 Net Winnings on March 31st 15,000.00

NDA comments 

The prescribed formula brings much needed clarity on computation of Net Winnings. Considering that the obligation to withhold tax is only in case the player withdraws at any point or at the end of FY, the Guidelines also clarify when amount is considered to be withdrawn (we have discussed this in Point 4 below). Rule 133 clarifies that non-taxable deposit will be allowed as deduction to players in computation of Net Winnings. Accordingly, the amount deposited by players to participate in the game, should be excluded in computation of Net Winnings. This seems to be in line with the position which industry participants have been taking prior to introduction of these rules. Losses incurred by players during a FY will be adjusted while computing Net Winnings. However, in case of any unadjusted losses at the end of the FY, the same will not be carried forward to the subsequent years.   

2. User accounts 

Section 194BA defines ‘user account’ to mean account of user registered with an online gaming intermediary (“OGI”). Rule 133 read with the Guidelines clarify that user account shall include: 

- every account of a user (by whatever name called), including each wallet held by the user; and

- where any taxable deposit, non-taxable deposit or the winning of the user is credited and withdrawal by the user is debited.

 Rule 133 and the Guidelines also clarify the manner in which multiple user accounts of same user will be treated. 

- Aggregate of deposit, withdrawal or balance in each user account of the player shall be considered in computing net winnings, deposit, withdrawal or balance in the user account.

- Transfer of funds between multiple user accounts operated by the same user is not to be considered as withdrawal or deposit, provided, the account is maintained with the same OGI.

- Transfer of funds between multiple user accounts operated by the same user shall be considered as withdrawal or deposit if the account is maintained with different OGI. 

The Guidelines clarify that each wallet which qualifies as user account shall be considered as user account for the purposes of computing Net Winnings. In addition to above, the Guidelines also clarify that a single deductor (i.e., one tax account deduction number⁵), operating multiple platforms, has the option of calculating the tax for purposes of section 194BA for each platform separately if it is not technologically feasible for him to integrate multiple user accounts across the various platforms. However, in case the OGI opts to deduct tax for each platform separately, then such multi-account transfers between accounts held by the same user shall be considered as withdrawals or deposits, as the case may be. 

NDA comments 

The above clarification fairly resolves the confusion with respect to treatment of various accounts / wallets operated by OGIs, transfer between user accounts and operation of multiple platforms by OGI. For the purpose of computation of Net Winnings, balance across wallets (winnings wallet, deposit wallet or bonus wallet) will have to be aggregated. Transfer of amounts by user in another user account on different OGI will be considered as withdrawal or deposit, as the case may be. 

3. Taxable deposit v/s non-taxable deposit  

Rule 133 makes a differentiation between ‘taxable deposit’⁶ and ‘non-taxable deposit’⁷. As a general rule, while computing Net Winnings, only non-taxable deposits are permissible as deduction. The Guidelines clarify that any deposits in the user account made from borrowings shall be considered as non-taxable deposit. Taxable deposits will form part of the amount withdrawn by the players, thereby, increasing the Net Winnings. 

Further, the Guidelines also clarify that bonus, referral bonus, incentives etc. given by OGI to the user will be considered as taxable deposit under Rule 133. Thus, any deposit in the form of bonus, referral bonus, incentives etc. would form part of Net Winnings and tax under section 194BA will be liable to be deducted. Some exceptions to this have been discussed in this hotline below. It has also been clarified that money equivalent of deposits in form of coins, coupons, vouchers, counters etc. shall be considered as taxable deposit. 

NDA comments 

The distinction between taxable and non-taxable deposit is crucial for determination of Net Winnings. Clarification with respect to treatment of bonus, referral bonus etc. is also useful. In relation to deposits in form of coins, coupons etc., it has been clarified that money equivalent of such deposit will be considered to be taxable deposit. It seems that money equivalent of such coins, coupons etc. will be determined as per the terms of issuance of such coins or coupons. Considering that payments (in any form) to user directly (not through user account) is also considered as taxable deposit and included in withdrawal amount, OGIs will have to keep a track of such payments as well. 

4. When is amount considered to be withdrawn 

The Guidelines clarify that when amount is withdrawn from the user account to any other account, it shall be considered as withdrawal. With respect to deductor, any account of user which is not registered with the OGI is an account which is not a user account and any transfer from user account to such account is a withdrawal. 

It has also been clarified that when in consideration of amount in user account, some coupons etc. are issued for purchase of goods or services, or some item in kind is issued, that will also be considered as withdrawal. 

NDA comments 

In case where user is transferring amount from its user account on OGI to any other wallet which is not on the OGI (say Paytm or Google Pay wallet) or to its bank account, the amount shall be considered to be withdrawn and withholding obligation under section 194BA will be triggered. In case of the balance in user account is redeemed against issuance of any coupon or vouchers, such instance will also be considered as a withdrawal. 

5. Payment in kind or partly in cash and kind 

Section 194BA(2) provides that no tax is required to be deducted where the Net Winnings are wholly or partly in kind (where the cash is not sufficient to meet the liability for TDS). However, in such scenarios, the OGI would be responsible to ensure that tax has been paid by the user / player on such winnings before releasing the winnings. Therefore, the primary obligation to pay the tax in such a scenario is on, the user / player, who shall furnish proof of payment of tax to the OGI (eg challan), only after which, the winnings shall be released. 

Considering the aforesaid provision may be onerous for users, the Guidelines provide an option to the OGI to deduct tax under section 194BA even in cases where Net Winnings are wholly or partly in kind based on the valuation of the winnings in kind. 

The Guidelines also clarify that valuation of winnings in kind will be based on their fair market value (“FMV”), except in following cases: 

a) OGI has purchased winnings before providing to user: Purchase price of winnings shall be value of winnings

b) OGI manufactures such items given as winnings: Price charged to customers for such items shall be value of winnings 

Rule 133 also provides that in case payment is made to a user, in kind or in cash, or partly in kind and partly in cash, which is not from the user account, Rule 133 shall apply to calculate Net Winnings by deeming that the money equivalent to such payment has been deposited as taxable deposit in the user account and the equivalent amount has been withdrawn from the user account at the same time. 

NDA Comments 

The option provided to OGI to withhold and deposit tax in case Net Winnings are wholly or partly in kind is welcome and should relieve users from the burden of depositing taxes. However, it is unclear if the OGI is expected to exercise this option suo moto or on request of the player.

In relation to valuation, as a general rule, winnings in kind have to be valued at FMV. However, two exceptions have been provided. There are cases where OGIs distribute winnings to players in form of goodies, in such cases, purchase price of such goodies will be considered as value of winnings. There are also cases where OGIs have online merchandise / avatars of in-game players or weapons which may be purchases by the players. In case where such items are given as winnings to players, the price which the OGI charges to its customers will be considered as value of winnings. However, there may be situations wherein such items may not be available for purchase by players and merely form part of the gaming experience, in such case value of winnings will be FMV. Determination of FMV in some cases where intangible assets are distributed as winnings may be practically challenging.

6. Bonus, referral bonus and incentives 

Rule 133 provides that in case of bonus, referral bonus, incentives etc. provided by OGI to the player, will be considered as taxable deposit. However, in case where such deposits can be used only for playing online games and not for withdrawal or any other purpose, such deposits will be ignored for calculation of Net Winnings. 

Further, if and when these incentive / bonus are recharacterised and they are allowed to be withdrawn, they would be treated as taxable deposit at the time when they are recharacterised. Thus, they will become part of Net Winnings in the year of recharacterisation. 

NDA comments 

It is very common for OGIs to provide incentives to players in form of joining bonus, referral bonus, promotional money etc. The clarification in this respect is very useful. In case where bonus, referral bonus, incentives etc. provided by OGI to the player are considered as taxable deposit, such amounts will form of Net Winnings and tax under section 194BA will be liable to be deducted, OGI should re-look at the various promotional / incentive schemes and assess whether such amounts will be considered for purpose of computation of Net Winnings. 

7. Exemption from withholding on small winnings 

Withholding obligation under the earlier provisions of section 194B were applicable in case where amount of winnings exceed INR 10,000. However, section 194BA did not provide for any such threshold. 

ln order to remove difficulty in deducting tax at source in case of small winnings, the Guidelines provide for an exemption which excludes small winnings from withholding tax provisions. The Guidelines provide that tax under section 194BA shall not be required to be deducted on satisfaction of all of the following conditions: 

a) Net Winnings comprised in the amount withdrawn does not exceed Rs 100 in a month;

b) Tax not deducted on account of this concession is deducted at a time when the Net Winnings comprised in withdrawal exceeds Rs 100 in the same month or subsequent month or if there is no such withdrawal, at the end of the FY;

c) The deductor undertakes responsibility of paying the difference if the balance in the user account at the time of tax deduction under section 194BA is not sufficient to discharge the tax deduction liability calculated in accordance with Rule 133. 

NDA comments 

The relaxation from withholding tax in case of small winnings will benefit limited cases as the threshold prescribed (INR 100) for amount of Net Winnings comprised in the amount withdrawn is miniscule. Moreover, OGIs seem to have been obligated to undertake responsibility of paying tax, if balance in user account is not sufficient to discharge withholding tax liability. 

8. Relief from penal consequences 

Considering section 194BA is effective from April 1, 2023, relief from penal consequences has been provided in case there is a shortfall in deduction of tax due to time lag between issuance of Rule 133 or Guidelines and April 2023. 

NDA Comments 

While this is a positive relief, it is pertinent to note that interest on short deduction of tax may still apply. 

CONCLUSION 

Rule 133 and Guidelines provide comprehensive guidance on computation of Net Winnings and takes into consideration several practical situations. They are welcome and provide much need clarification to industry participants. While government has done a commendable job from income-tax perspective, clarity on the goods and service tax regime for online skill-based gaming could help India realize its promise to become the world’s new gaming capital.